Overview of scholarly opinions

Is music haram? Are nasheeds permitted? The scholars’ opinions at a glance

This overview sorts the most common cases by how united the scholars are: from green (broadly accepted) through blue (differing opinions) to red (not permitted). It is a simplified presentation, not a fatwa. Every level is backed by recognised scholars and their dalail (evidence). For your own decision, ask a scholar you trust.

The rule above all others: content always decides. Bad lyrics drop straight to the far right at every level, even in a vocals-only nasheed. Good lyrics are the minimum requirement at every level. All scholars agree on this.
The six levels

How united are the scholars?

The further right, the less agreement, up to a clear no.

Click a level in the semicircle to see what it covers, who says what and which evidence there is.

Green: agreement. Blue: differing opinions. Red: not permitted. 1 and 2: here the scholars largely agree, including the strict ones. 3, blue: khilaf, a recognised difference of opinion among qualified scholars, with evidence on both sides. 4, dark blue: a nazila, a newly arisen question (studio technology) with no classical precedent. 5, red: the mainstream of the schools of law says no, a recognised minority says yes. 6, dark red: there is no khilaf here. Why blue and not yellow? Because a difference of opinion is not a warning sign. The scale shows agreement and diversity, not good and bad.

Case explorer

Pick a case, see both camps

Put simply, there are two opposing positions. Between them sit intermediate positions. Cases marked “us” concern our own productions.

In detail

The levels with evidence

For reading up: click a level to open all cases, scholars and evidence. Hadith numbers follow sunnah.com, scholars’ statements are paraphrased.

Level 1

Broadly accepted

Vocals only, good content

What it covers
  • Reciting poems and verses, melodic singing with the voice alone (vocals only)
  • Battle and work chants (rajaz), as the Sahaba recited them while digging the trench before the battle, with the Prophet among them, as well as travel songs and lullabies
  • Natural vocal effects such as echo, doubling or humming, as long as the voice remains recognisable
Who says what
  • Ibn Baz: Nasheeds are like poetry. What is good in them is good; what is ugly is ugly. They cannot all be covered by a single ruling.
  • Ibn Uthaymin: Verses with good content, performed with the voice alone, are not objectionable. His evidence: Hassan ibn Thabit recited in the Prophet’s mosque.
  • Reservations within the same camp: Ibn Uthaymin criticises seductive voices and the melodies of prohibited songs; al-Fawzan rejects even the term “Islamic nasheeds”.
  • Vocal effects: IslamQA and IslamWeb also consider natural effects and sounds of nature unobjectionable (fatwas 271405 and 212779).
Evidence
  • Two girls singing on Eid in the Prophet’s house: Bukhari 949 and 950, Muslim 892 (sahih)
  • Anjasha driving the camels on with his singing: Bukhari 6161 (sahih)
  • Rajaz verses of the Sahaba at the trench (al-Khandaq): Sahih al-Bukhari
  • “In poetry there is wisdom”: Bukhari 6145 · Hassan ibn Thabit reciting in the mosque: Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim
Level 2

Permitted on specific occasions

Duff at weddings, Eid, homecoming

What it covers
  • Frame drum (duff) at weddings, on Eid and when the Prophet was welcomed back from a military expedition
Who says what
  • The mainstream of all four madhahib exempts the duff from the prohibition of ma’azif (instruments).
  • The strict position also accepts it on these occasions. The only point of disagreement is how far the exception extends (level 3).
Evidence
  • “What separates the prohibited from the permitted is the duff and the voice” (at a wedding): Tirmidhi 1088 (hasan), with parallels in al-Nasa’i and Ibn Majah
  • A girl fulfils her vow and beats the duff after the Prophet’s return from an expedition: “If you have vowed it, then beat it.” Tirmidhi 3690 (al-Albani: sahih)
  • “Announce the marriage ... beat the duff”: Tirmidhi 1089 (al-Tirmidhi: gharib hasan; the addition about the duff is disputed)
Level 3

Difference of opinion

Duff without occasion, war drum

What it covers
  • Duff outside the established occasions, played by men or with jingles
  • The drum in war and with caravans: a practice kept up for centuries in Islamic states, right up to the Ottoman Mehter bands, and discussed explicitly in the works of fiqh
Who says what
  • Shafi’i school (as presented by its contemporary muftis): duff permitted for men and women, also outside weddings, also with jingles.
  • Hanafi school: at weddings, for women only; makruh for men.
  • Strict position: duff only on the established occasions.
  • The war drum: the Shafi’i fuqaha al-Juwayni and al-Ramli permit all drums except the kuba, explicitly for war and for caravans. Al-Albani rejects this exception. No sahih hadith has been transmitted about the duff being played in the heat of battle; what the texts establish is the welcome afterwards.
Evidence
  • Tirmidhi 3690 (duff played in front of Abu Bakr, Ali and Uthman without objection from the Prophet)
  • al-Juwayni, Nihayat al-Matlab · al-Ramli, Nihayat al-Muhtaj (cited, among others, by the Jordanian Dar al-Ifta)
Level 4

Disputed

Voice sounds like instruments

What it covers
  • A voice processed so heavily that it sounds like an instrument
  • Beatboxing that imitates instruments
Who says what
  • Position A, “the sound decides”: if it sounds like instruments, the ruling on music applies. What counts is the result, not the origin (IslamQA).
  • Position B, the middle ground: effects produced by the singer himself are acceptable; sounds processed on a computer to resemble instruments are not (IslamWeb, drawing on Salman al-Awda).
  • Position C, “the tool decides”: the human voice remains a voice; the prohibition texts name instruments. The default ruling for sounds is permissibility (al-Judai). Those who permit instruments under conditions see even less of a problem here (al-Qaradawi, Dar al-Ifta of Egypt).
  • The candid conclusion of one strict fatwa website: today’s scholars are divided, and a prohibition cannot be declared with certainty (IslamWeb).
Evidence
  • IslamQA fatwas 193426 and 271405 · IslamWeb fatwas 212779 and 159247
  • Abdullah al-Judai, al-Musiqa wal-Ghina fi Mizan al-Islam (2004) · Dar al-Ifta of Egypt, fatwa 4866
Level 5

Majority: not permitted

Musical instruments

What it covers
  • String, wind and other musical instruments, even with good content
Who says what
  • Majority: the mainstream of the four madhahib, Ibn Taymiyya (the instruments of idle amusement are haram, except the duff), Ibn al-Qayyim, and in our time Ibn Baz and al-Albani.
  • Minority: Ibn Hazm, al-Ghazali (only under strict conditions and without the instruments of drinking gatherings), and today al-Qaradawi, al-Judai and Dar al-Ifta of Egypt.
  • On the question of consensus: al-Shawkani wrote a separate treatise refuting the claim of consensus. According to al-Qaradawi’s account, Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, himself of the strict view, counts eleven opinions. The US-based council AMJA holds that a consensus is not possible in either direction.
Evidence
  • The ma’azif hadith: Bukhari 5590 (defended as sahih by the majority; the scope of the statement is debated)
  • Prohibition of the kuba drum: Abu Dawud 3685 · “The bell is one of the flutes of Satan”: Muslim 2114
  • AMJA fatwa 352 · Dar al-Ifta of Egypt, fatwa 4866
Level 6

All scholars: not permitted

Bad content

What it covers
  • Lyrics containing shirk or false statements about Allah and the Prophet
  • Glorification of fornication, alcohol, drugs or violence, mockery of the religion
  • Singing in a sinful setting, for example at drinking gatherings
  • This applies to every medium, including vocals-only nasheeds
Who says what
  • Ibn Baz: what is ugly in nasheeds is ugly, whatever its form.
  • The permissive scholars (al-Ghazali, al-Qaradawi, Dar al-Ifta of Egypt) explicitly make clean content and a clean setting a condition.
  • There is no khilaf here. A pious-sounding song with false statements about Allah would have to be rejected, however beautiful it was.
Evidence
  • The poetry rule as stated by Ibn Baz and by Dar al-Ifta of Egypt
  • Surah Luqman 31:6: “idle talk” that diverts from the path of Allah
Straight Path Records

What we do and why

The goal

Someone who grew up with rap and pop does not take off his headphones just because he is told the lyrics are harmful. He needs something he can listen to instead. That is exactly the point of our work: an alternative (Arabic: badil) with the same energy, but with lyrics that remind people of Allah, prompt reflection and call people to what is good. Even the strictest scholarly bodies give nasheeds exactly this role: a replacement for prohibited songs.

Where we stand, honestly

Our lyrics belong to level 1 on any reading: good content, the voice alone. Our beats and melodies are built entirely from the voice. We do our best to keep our productions within levels 1 to 3 and to keep everything that sounds like a beat or a melody audibly human. Some tracks, and some artists on the label, also include sounds that fall into level 4, because those artists are persuaded by the position C scholars, whose analysis holds that the voice remains a voice. On some tracks we use the duff, the best-established exception in the texts (level 2).

The effort behind it

What the scholars call mujahada, the struggle against one’s own comfort, is a daily reality here: production happens on weekdays and at weekends, around work and family. A great deal of our own money, earned through our own work, goes into the studio, the videos and the artists’ work. Nobody lives off the nasheeds, and nobody should: we hope for our reward from Allah alone, not from the listeners. The harder path of producing without instruments is a deliberate choice made out of caution, not out of necessity.

A word of perspective before we turn to the impact: good fruits do not make a means permissible. So the numbers below are not evidence on the fiqh question. They show something else: the effect that lyrics with good content have on people. And they show that the content rule, on which all scholars agree, is being met.

Impact

What listeners write under our videos about how it has affected them

From the comments under 188 videos on the label’s channels (REDLION, HALALFLOWRITER, MO DEEN, ABU53, COMODORE, ERKAN, NASHEED BEATS), we reviewed a sample of around 500 comments in which listeners describe a specific effect. Every comment was read and assigned to exactly one group. As of October 2026. These are listeners’ self-reports, not a study.

What these listeners describe

Iman strengthened, motivation, strength114
Away from rap and music, alternative found108
Tears, repentance, being moved96
Prompted to reflect, reminder taken to heart92
Converts and people interested in Islam who find it helpful55
Started praying or practising again27
“May Allah reward you for your work. For a few weeks now I haven’t listened to any music at the gym, only your nasheeds. Above all through Allah’s help, of course, but also through your work, you have simply kept me away from sin.”under Todesliste · anonymised, slightly shortened, translated from German
“I’ve been listening to Redlion’s nasheeds for a few years now, and before that I was a completely ordinary German rap listener. Since listening to these nasheeds, I go to the mosque regularly and have started learning to read the Quran.”under Wahrer Mann · anonymised, slightly shortened, translated from German
“Converted a year ago, and your nasheeds are always an iman boost and help me remember the duties I have towards Allah.”under Für das Paradies · anonymised, slightly shortened, translated from German
“This song motivated me to get up for Fajr today.”under Tahajjud · anonymised, slightly shortened, translated from German
“Wallahi brother, my sons no longer sing that trash, they want to listen to Redlion every day.”under Allahu · anonymised, slightly shortened, translated from German
“Thanks to people like you, I started praying in the first place.”under Nur ein Gebet · anonymised, slightly shortened, translated from German
“I rapped for eight years, I’m 24 now and, alhamdulillah, I gave it up for Allah. There were lines in your work that hit me so hard.”under Gaben · anonymised, slightly shortened, translated from German
“As I was driving home on the motorway in tears, this nasheed was recommended to me. Right when I was at my lowest point, physically and emotionally.”under Zeilen eines Muslims · anonymised, slightly shortened, translated from German

The most frequently described effect is strengthened iman and motivation. The smaller groups matter more, because they describe a change in behaviour that goes beyond listening: no more rap at the gym, children listen to nasheeds instead of rap, someone starts praying again, converts find something they can listen to without missing their old life. This direction, away from what is harmful and towards Allah, is exactly the standard by which even the critics of nasheeds judge them: a nasheed that leads to the Quran and to prayer fulfils its purpose. One that displaces them misses it.

For completeness: under the same videos, 65 comments express criticism, for example “A pity that the vocal beat resembles instruments so much, but I feel the lyrics 100 percent” or “Please no music and melodies next time”. We take these voices seriously. They concern level 4 specifically, and that is exactly why this page exists and why we do our best to keep everything audibly human.

None of this is our doing. “You do not guide whom you love, but Allah guides whom He wills” (Surah al-Qasas 28:56, approximate meaning). We are at most a means. Every one of these comments calls for alhamdulillah, not for a mashaAllah directed at us.

Reading it right

How to read this overview

  1. The levels show the scholarly landscape, not a ruling. A level says how united the scholars are, not which opinion is correct.
  2. Khilaf is not a free pass. Differing opinions do not mean you can simply pick whichever one suits you best. Follow a scholar you trust, out of conviction.
  3. But khilaf also means: no condemnation. Anyone who follows a different scholarly opinion on a recognised point of dispute must not be condemned for it.
  4. Caution is honourable. Anyone who abstains from what is disputed out of fear of Allah is following the hadith “The lawful is clear and the unlawful is clear, and between them are doubtful matters” (Bukhari 52, Muslim 1599). That is a personal decision, not a fatwa against others.
  5. Impact is not proof, but it is a yardstick. Good fruits do not make a means permissible. They show whether the content rule is being met and where something leads.
  6. Content always decides. Above every level stands one rule: what is good is good, what is bad is bad.
“So ask the people of knowledge if you do not know.” Surah al-Nahl 16:43 (approximate meaning)
Full write-up

The complete document as a PDF

All six levels with evidence, the two camps of scholars compared, where we stand and the evaluation of the comments. 10 pages, version 1.0, October 2026, free, in English and German.

Additions and corrections with evidence are welcome: info@straightpathrecords.de

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

Notes: simplified presentation. Hadith numbers follow sunnah.com. Scholars’ statements are paraphrased. Comment evaluation: a sample from the comments on the label’s channels, October 2026, every comment read individually; self-reports, not a study. The detailed version with all evidence will follow as a video and a long version. Corrections with evidence are welcome: info@straightpathrecords.de